The Ammunition

• The Round
• Components

Ballistics

• Acceleration in the Gun Tube
• Muzzle Exit
• Interior Ballistics
  Calculator
• Exterior Ballistics
  Firing Table Calculator

Perforation of Finite Targets

• Penetration Process
• Perforation Limit
• Governing Parameters
• Working Length
• Perforation Equation

Penetration in Semi-Infinite Targets

• Semi-infinite Targets
• Penetration Equation

Penetration and Perforation Calculations

• The Calculator

Applications

• Optimum Velocity
• Max. Perforation with a given Gun System

Covid-19 Case Numbers - Similarity with Penetration

• General Equation
• Case Numbers in Switzerland

Papers

• Download

 

Penetration Process

A specific characteristic is the penetration of the rod into the armor: The small cross-sectional area of about 5 cm square of the rod can not transfer the enormous impact energy (similar to a main battle tank with a velocity of 60 km per hour) directly to the armor. Armor and rod material are overloaded with a multiple of their strength properties and under this enormous pressure they behave like liquids. The rod material flows off mushroom-shaped and the target material is displaced together with the rod material out of the penetration channel. The tip of the rod penetrates continuously the armor with a little more than the half of the impact velocity, while the tail moves practically with an undamped velocity. During the penetration the rod becomes continually shorter. If the remaining rod reaches the inside of the armor, it causes together with many fragments of the armor fatal damages.

For viewing a computer animation (wmv-file) click here.

Entry hole at a single target with 70° obliquity

Exit hole at a single target with 70° obliquity